Step 2.4 Notes

  1. Heike Monogatari is an important war chronicle relating the struggles between the Genji family and the Heike family in the 11th and 12th centuries.
  2. Taihei-ki is another important work chronicling the great political and social disturbance during the 14th century.
  3. Chushingura is the title of kabuki and noh drama based on the story of loyal ronins, who wreak vengeance for the death of their lord, ASANO Naganori, in 1701.
  4. I owe the origin and development of kodan to ASAHIDO Nanryo’s Zokuzoku Meiji-ki Osaka-no Engei-sokkibon Kiso-kenkyu (‘A Foundational Study on the Shorthand Books of Oral Performance in Osaka’) (Osaka: Taru Shuppan, 2011).
  5. TSURUMI Shunsuke, ‘Edo Period in Contemporary Popular Culture’, Modern Asian Studies, 18.4 (1984), 747-55 (p. 747). Tagusari Tsunenori is also pronounced as ‘Takusari Koki’.
  6. The popularity of these shorthand storybooks, largely thanks to that of rakugo and kodan, contributed to the unification of the written and spoken language in modern Japanese literature.
  7. A concise account of the Tatsukawa Bunko in English is found at https://uniqueatpenn.wordpress.com/2013/04/23/early-taisho-japanese-juvenile-pocket-fiction-tachikawa-bunko-and-its-imitators/
  8. ADACHI Kenichi, Tatsukawa Bunko-no Eiyu-tachi (The Heroes in the Tatsukawa Bunko Stories) (Tokyo: Bunwa Shobo, 1980), pp. 97-103.

Step 2.5 Notes

  1. My account in this step is partly indebted to the following studies: Kinko Ito, ‘Manga in Japanese History’, in Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime, ed. by Mark W. MacWilliams, foreword by Frederic L. Schodt (Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2008), pp. 26-47; Helen McCarthy, A Brief History of Manga (Lewes, East Sussex: Ilex, 2014). Available on Google Books
  2. UEDA Nobumichi, however, suspects an exaggeration and surmises that the true number must have been around 150,000. See his webpage (in Japanese) at http://nob.internet.ne.jp/note/note_19.html
  3. KATO Kenichi, Shonen Kurabu Jidai: Henshucho-no Kaiso (Age of Boys’ Club: A Recollection by an Editor-in-Chief) (Tokyo: Kodan-sha, 1968) 『少年俱楽部時代 : 編集長の回想』 Available on Amazon
  4. McCarthy, p.20.
  5. Ito, pp.35-37.
  6. Johannes Hirschmeier and Tsunehiko Yui, The Development of Japanese Business: 1600-1973 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 242. Available on Amazon
  7. Isao Shimizu, Manga no rekishi (A History of Manga) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1991), p. 190. 清水　勲『漫画の歴史』 Available on Amazon

Step 2.11 Notes

  1. The concept of makyu is said to be first introduced in KAIZUKA Hiroshi’s Kuri-kuri Toshu (Kuri-kuri the Pitcher, 1958-63 in Omoshiro Book). NATSUME Fusanosuke has pointed out the close similarity of Kyojin no Hoshi and FUKUMOTO Kazuya and CHIBA Tetsuya’s Chikai no Makyu (Magic Ball of Vow, 1961-62 in Weekly Shonen Magazine). See Natsume Fusanosuke, Kieta Makyu (Magic Balls Vanished) (1991; pbk edn Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1994), pp. 26-28.
  2. Major League Ball No. 3 miraculously gets out of the way of the bat. The similarity with It Happens Every Spring, an American film in 1949, is mentioned in the work itself.
  3. Here I owe my description to Shimizu Satoshi, Koshien Yakyu-no Arukeoroji (Archeology of Koshien Baseball) (Tokyo: Shinhyoron, 1998).
  4. Shimizu, p. 250, translated by Takahashi.
  5. Sugimoto Atsuo, ‘Gekijo-to-shiteno Koshien’ (Koshien as a Theatre), in Koko Yakyu-no Shakaigaku (Sociology of High School Baseball), ed. by Esashi Shogo and Komuku Hiroshi (Kyoto: Sekai Shiso-sha, 1994), pp. 15-38.

Step 2.12 References

  1. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, ‘Koko Kyoiku-no Genjo’ (Present State of High School Education) [updated in 2011].
  2. Nakazawa Atsushi, ‘Gakko Undobukatsudo-no Sengo-shi 1’ (Post-bellum History of School Sports Club Activities 1), Hitotsubashi Shakai-kagaku (Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Science), 3 (2011), 25-46 (pp. 26-27).
  3. Nakazawa Atsushi, ‘Gakko Undobukatsudo-no Sengo-shi 2’ (Post-bellum History of School Sports Club Activities 2), Hitotsubashi Shakai-kagaku (Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Science), 3 (2011), 47-73 (p. 59).

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