A trilingual dictionary

Luca, 1 A Tri-lingual Ultimate EnglishGerman-Romanian Dictionary of False Friends and English Difficult AdjectivesForeword The logical syntax of language is making it difficult to use words in an elaborate and nonredundant manner of expressing the most interesting thoughts. Language remains thus fascinating and very much attractive to use on a higher metaphorical level. This dictionary represents a source for private instruction and a book for precious inspiration gained as a further step in semantics learning and language acquisition. It could be regarded as a tool for linguistic enrichment and a source of inspiration against illiteracy. The usage of certain expressions thus taken seriously, the user of this guide will be able to avoid language slips of tongue and other unfortunate linguistic situations of lingo. The contents of this wordy guide places the interlocutor or addressee to the limits of speech where the boundaries of a specific mother tongue are, and must therefore be overcome and exceeded. The presented structured body of material is an extract of the whole descriptive enterprise.Table of Contents 1. A Resumative Collection of False Friends and Homophones...............................4 2. A handy Elaborated List of Synonyms and partial Synonyms…………...……..7 3. Several Grammar Exercises for Enhancing the Resolving of various Usage of Adjectives correctly……………………………………………………………….10 4. Key to the Exercises………………………………………………………………..13 5. Index/Glossary of difficult Terms………………………………………………….. 1. A Resumative Collection of False Friends and Homophones A. absonous : unharmonisch acumen – acuity aid - aide anime - manga amend - emend aka - a.k.a. averse - adverse anyway - anyways alter - altar altogether - all together avocation – vocation aww - awe B. be > bye blatant - flagrant brief - debrief brung - brought broach - brooch blimp - zeppelin buck-naked - butt-naked C. carmel- caramel catsup - ketchup crayfish - crawfish coca - cocoa consignor - consignee D. defendant - plaintiffdefuse - diffuse disperse - disburse (to pay off) E. height - heighth half-mast - half-staff F. faze - phase founder - flounder flutist - flautist funner - funnier G. gage - gauge H. a hold- a hould hillbilly > redneck himself > hisself height > height hoard > hord hoorah - hooray historic - historical hitch – snag, glitch-------------------Nagel, Hindernis I. impostor > imposter instill >instill instillation > installation inter > intra J. jibe >jive______Jubel K. know > new L. lessee>lesson________________Lektion, lecṭie lead> lede--------------------------Führung leapt - leap--------------------------Schritt leery> leary……argwöhnisch, misstrauisch, schlau lent> lended lite - light linchpin > lynchpin literally > figuratively-----------buchstäblich, ro.:literal ) loathe > loath-----hassen, Hass log in > log on_____einloggenM. mantel - mantle moniesc > moneys N. naval – navel______marin, meergehörend nee – neigh-----------------Wiehenrn O. oars - ores obedience - obedients ode-owed od-odd oracle - auricle oral - aural P. opossum - possum peal > peel polygamy > polygyny prone > supine Q. quad - quod quaff - coif quay - key qubit - cubit R. repression > suppression recur - reoccur role - roll roof > roves S. segway > segue shoo-in > shoe-in shudder > shutterhurray scared > scarred serigraph - litograph sherbet - sherbert story - storey skeleton > luge sore > soar spatter > splatter speciality > specialty stank - stunk to steer - to drive to stear - clear stent - stint summery - summarysupersede - supersed supposedly - supposable T. talk to - talk with tenants - tenets tough - tuff trawling - trolling U. unitary - unitarian V. verbage - verbiage W. waive - waver wack – whack whoa- woah Y. y’all - ya’ll Z. zee - zed1. Handy, elaborated Synonyms and partial Synonyms listed in alphabetical order: 1) adamant: unyielding, stubborn. a. hartnäckig, eigensinnig, stur. b. încăpățânat, reticient. 2) amatory: sexual. a. sexuell, sensual. b. sexual, hedonistic. 3) animistic: quality of recurrence or reversion to earlier form, recoiling. a. zurückdrehbar, elastisch, animistisch. b. elastic, involuat, recular, repulsiv. 4) antic : clownish, frolicsome. a. clownartig, verzerrt. b. clovnesc, distorsionat, grotesc, contorsionat, cabotinic, bufonic. 5) arcadian: serene. a. ruhig, seren. b. liniștit, cumpătat, echilibrat, moderat. 6) baleful=deadly, foreboding. a. ermahnend. b. amenințător, agasant. 7) bellicose=quarrelsome. a. streitsüchtig. b. certăreț. 8) bilious: unpleasant, peevish, crude, insensitive, boorish. a. unempfindlich, grob, herzlos, ungeschliffen. b. neplăcut, iritant. 9) calamitous : disastrous. a. zerstörerisch, zerstört widerlich, unglückselig, unheilvoll, elend, verhängnisvoll. b. dezastros, calamitat, periculos. 10) caustic : corrosive, sarcastic, a corrosive substance a. sarkastisch, korrosiv, porös. b. coroziv. 11) cerulean=sky blue. a. himmelsblau, bläulich. b. albăstrui. 12) comely=attractive. a. attraktiv, gutaussehend. b. atractiv. 13) concomitant = accompanying. a. begleitend, mitgehend. b. acompaniind. 14) contumacious = rebellious. a. rebellig, aufgeweckt, aufsässig, widerspenstig b. rebel, nonconformist15) corpulent=obese. a. korpolent, massiv. b. obez, corpulent, masiv. 16) crapulous : immoderate in appetite. a. unersotten, hungrig b. înfometat, cu foame de lup, bulimic. 17.) deprecated: rather shabby and old a. missbilligt,, überholt , abgelehnt,b.refuzat, depreciat. 18.) defamatory : causing delay, tardy, maliciously misrepresenting. a.. verspätet, unsynchronisiert. b. întârziat, imprompt. 19.) dowdy : shabby, old-fashioned, an unkempt woman. a. schäbig, unraffiniert, altmodisch, uralt, eine ungekämmte Frau b. nerafinat, demodat. 20.) smug : very arrogant and conceited a. dünkelhaft. b. arogant, încrezut. 21.) effulgent : brilliantly radiant. a. brisant, strahlend b. strălucitor, radiant. 22.) egregious : conspicuous, flagrant. a. aufdringlich, flagrant. b. pregnant, intens, protuberant, bulbucat, persistent. 23.) endemic : prevalent, native, peculiar to an area. a. prevalent, überhandnehmend b. prevalent, neaos, specific unei zone. 24.) equanimous : even, balanced. a. ausgewogen, harmonisiert. b. armonizat, balansat. 25.) execrable : wretched, detestable. a. unausstehlich. b. insuportabil explained : cleared. 26.) explained : cleared. a. gerodet, aufgeklärt. b. relevant, edificat. 27.) fastidious: meticulous, overly delicate a. delikat, ausgesprochen zärtlich, pingelig, heikel, geschmeidig, mäkelig, akribisch finuț, delicat. 28.) feckless: weak, irresponsible. a. schwach, unverantwortlich. b. slab, iresponsabil. 29.) fecund: prolific, inventive. a. fruchtbar, gedeihend. b. fecund, fructifer, prolific, inventiv. 31.) friable: brittle, rotten. 30.) frugal: poor. a. armselig, arm, bescheiden, sparsam, genügsam. b. sărăcăcios. 31.) fulsome : abundant, overdone, effusive. a. mannigfaltig, entwickelt. b. variat, îndestulat. 32.) fussy : not easily satisfied, unsatisfied. a. streitsüchtig, strittig, wählerisch, übereifrig, heikel, zimperlich. b. certăreț. 33.) garrulous : wordy, talkative. a. sprachgewandt, unverantwortlich volubel b. vorbăreț, volubil, limbut, locvace. 34.) guileless : naive. a. schuldlos, unerfahren b. neinițiat, naiv, nevinovat, iresponsabil.35.) gustatory =having to do with taste. a. geschmacklich, lecker b. gustativ. 36.) heuristic : learning through trial-and-error or problem solving. a. euristisch, experimental, experimentell. b. euristic, mental, experimental. 37.) histrionic : affected, theatrical. a. histrionisch, affektiert, theatralisch, pathetisch. b. afectat. 38.) fallow : uncultivated. a. brach, dürr, trocken. b. uscat. 39.) fecund: inventive, prolific. a. gedeihend. b. fecund. 40.) friable : rotten a. verschlechtert, verrotten b. alterat, stricat. 41.) incendiary : inflammatory, combustible, hot a. entzündlich b. inflamator 42) indomitable : unyielding, unconquerable a.unerlässlich, unerrobbar b. rezistent. a. entzündlich. b. inflamabil. 43.) incremental : step by step a. stufenweise. b. treptat, zunehmend 44.)insolent : impudent, contemptuous. a. unhöflich, frech, unverschämt, überheblich. b. obraznic, calomnios, disprețu 45.) inveterate : habitual, persistent. a. behaarend, aufsässig, eingefleischt, unverbesserlich, unüberwindbar, hasserfüllt. b 46.) insidious: subtle, seductive, treacherous. a. subtil, verführerisch, heimtückisch, hinterhältig, tückisch, schleichend, hinterlisti 47.) intransigent: uncompromising. a. kompromisslos, unversöhnlich, unbeugsam, uneinsichtig, hartleibig, intransigent unerschütterlich, unnachgiebig. b. nonconformist, radical. 48.) invidious : resentful, envious, obnoxious. a. neidisch. b. invidios. 49.) irksome : annoying, obtrusively loud. a. irritierend. b. iritant, enervant. 50.) irrecoverable : given up for lost a. unrettbar b. pierdut, irecuperabil (cu primul înțeles : de pierdut)) 51.) jejune : dull, puerile. a. langweilig. b. plictisitor. 52.) jocular : jesting, playful. a.a.spielerisch. b. jucăuș. 53.) lachrymose: tearful, whorish, superficially appealing. a. lachrimös, herzzerrerisch. b. lacrimogen, plângăcios. 54.)5mannered : artificial, stilted. a. leugnerisch, verspielt b.ultimativ, deceptive, înșelător. 55.)mordant : biting, excessively pudent. a. frech.b.obraznic 56.) munificent: lavish, generous. a. grosszügig b. generos, risipitor, darnic, somptuos.57.)nefarious : wicked. a. schlecht, gemein b. rău, rău intenționat. 58.) noxious: harmful, corrupting. a. schlecht. b. nociv. 59.)0obtuse : blunt, stupid, imbecile. a. bekloppt. b. stupid, limitat. 60.) stealthy : behaving in a rather furtive manner a. heimlich, verstohlen, schleichend b. secretos, misterios 61.) stead : very true and respectable a. sehr treu und respektiert b. foarte fidel și respectat 62.) staunch : very steadfast a. treu b. fidel 63.) stodgy: hard to be digested. a. langweilig, trübselig, schwer verdaulich, schwerfällig.b.greoi 64.) stocky : very under-posited , subjective. a. untersetzt, subjektiv b. subiectiv. 6 65.) sturdy : balanced a. ausgewogen. b. echilibrat, consecvent. gedrungen b. Sup 66.) sundry : various.verschieden, allerlei. a. andersartig. b. diferit. 67.) tenous : thin a. dünn, fragil. b. fragil , subțire. 68.)) ubristic : proud, excessively self-confident. a. eitel, stolz. b. mândru. 69.)unswerving : relentless, hard to be destroyed a. unerschütterlich, unbeirrbar, unentwegt, unzerstörbar, unumstritten b. indestruc 70.) uxorious : inordinately affectionate or compliant with a wife. a. zärtlich, affektiert, zart, delikat, ausgesprochen zärtlich, pingelig, heikel, geschmeidig, mäkelig, akribisch wählerisch. b. pedant, finuț, delicat, RRa3. Various Grammar Exercises for Resolving disparate Usages of Adjectives correctly 1. Please correct the mistakes in the exercises below and mark the difference in meaning simultaneously: 1. das verbindliche Angebot/the mandatory offer 2. das befristete Angebot/the limited offer 3. verlassene Siedlungsräume/forlorn colonisation domains 4. der gesundheitliche Zustand/ the state of health 5. völlige Neubebauung/ completely new build-up 1.0. Build up similar phrases with the adjectives mentioned at chapter 2 and use a couple of them in a specific context. 1. 1. Find Synonyms in Romanian to the English and to the German adjectival nouns: o ausgehandelte Verträge ~ ein erteilter Auftrag ~ a rendered mission o bedeutende Rolle ~ an important role o der treue Kunde ~ the loial client, customer o drittelparitätische Mitbestimmung ~ co-determination with third parties o der ausstehende Betrag ~ the receivable pending, the pending amount o ein gerichtliches Verfahren ~ a judicious procedure o höchster Zuspruch ~ highest acceptance o tiefster Gang ~ deepest emerge o die eingesandte Probe ~ sent proof o kampagnienfähige Mitgliederpartei ~ campaignable member party o kundiger Staatsmann ~ knowledgeable statesman o die zeitweilige Lähmung ~ temporary numbness o ein totaler Bruch ~ total leek, total break o der bisherige Präsident ~ the previous president o ein redlicher Mensch ~ an honest man o fremde Bezugszeichen ~ strange referential signs o geheime Abstimmung ~ secret vote o geistiger Hintergrund ~ intellectual background o gleiche Entwicklung ~ same development o leicht verständliche und abwechslungsreiche Sätze~ easy to understand and varied sentenceso die gezielte Anfrage ~ targeted questionairre o gelegentlicher Handelsaustausch ~ occasional trade exchange o die portofreie Antwortkarte ~ the postage-free reply card o aktualisierte Hinweise ~ updated information o die günstige Bezugsquelle ~ the convenient source of supply o entscheidende diplomatische Forderung ~ crucial diplomatic request o pragmatisches Handeln ~ pragmatic action o schwülstig, hochtrabende Redewendungen~ sultry, exaggerated idioms o reine Kontaktaufnahme ~ sole contact-intake o rasche Erholung ~ rapid recovery o anfängliches Verfahren ~ striding procedure o unterschiedlicher/beliebiger Umfang ~ varying square width o vielschichtig strukturierte Argumentationsträngen ~ multilayered and structured layers of argument o verlassene Siedlungsräume ~ forlorn colonisational domains o die sprachliche Struktur ~ linguistic structure o zahlreiche Probleme ~ numerous problems o ein zerbröckelter Schindelturm ~ a crumbled timber-tower o gelegentlicher Handlungsaustausch ~ occasional exchange of actions o umittelbare Nachbarn ~ immediate neighbors o aufstrebende Zivilisation ~ emerging civilization o unzivilisierte Barbaren~ uncivilized barbarians1 o mächtige Barbaren ~ powerful barbarians o mächtige Dynamik ~ powerful dynamics o wichtige Burg ~ important castle o wachsende Probleme ~ growing problems o bedeutende Hauptstadt ~ important capital o tagende Versammlungen ~ confering gatherings o ausgebildete Juristen ~ formed/educated judiciaries o der überwiegende Teil ~ the predominant part o schwere Verluste ~ serious losses o obrigkeitliche Funktionen ~ authoritative functions o verfassungsrechtliche Gegebenheiten ~ constitutional/judicious situations o sittliche Zwecke ~ moral purposes o spürbare Erstarrung ~ noticeable solidification  ständische Ordnung ~ ranking order  ständige Alternative ~ constant alternative  strikte Absage ~ strict cancellation  rechtliche Einheit ~ the lawful unit  rechtmäβiger Herrscher ~ the rightful rulers o der rege akademische Betrieb ~ the constant academic enterprise o kriegerische Auseinandersetzung ~ bellicose conflict o unübersehbare Ziffern ~ conspicuous chiffres, digits o verstreute, kleine Territorien ~ scattered, small territories o vielfältige, kulturelle Strömungen ~ sundry, cultural streams/fluxes o weitere Distanzen ~ further distances o paritätische Mitbestimmung ~ paritary codecison. 1 Nota bene that this is more of a pleonastic expression2. 2.1. Detect the false friends in German and English and render a correct context for each expression in both languages: 2.1.  aktuell ~ actual  also ~ also  apart ~ apart  arm ~ arm  bald ~ bold  brav ~ brave  breit ~ bright  clever~clever  defekt ~ defekt  delikat ~ delicate  dementiert ~ demented  dezent ~ decent  eitel ~ idle  egal ~ equal  engagiert ~ engaged  eventuell ~ eventually  famos ~ famous  fast ~ fast  fatal ~ fatal  faul ~ foul  graziös~ gracious  gültig ~ guilty  massiv ~ massive  ordinär ~ ordinary  plump ~ plump  prinzipiell ~ principal  sensibel ~ sensible  seriös ~ serious  skrupellos ~ scrupulous  streng ~ strong  sympathisch ~ sympathetic  toll ~ toll  Masche ~ mash  vital ~ vital  weil ~ while  wellness ~ wellnes 2.2.  home office→in German “das Arbeitsbüro von Zuhause”  public viewing (Todesbeistand, -begleitung→ in German “ein öffentliches Zuschauen, Visionieren”  wellness→ in German “ ein Zustand des Wohlbefindens“  shit storm→ in German “Absage, Verneinung” handy→ in German “Mobiltelefon, -funk“ 3. Decide on the correct form of the Adjective in German: veraltert ∕ veraltet unbekannt ∕ umbekannt bescheiden / beschieden vergriffen ∕ umgriffen versteuert ∕ umsteuert behaglich ∕ behagend redlich ∕ retlich ratsam ∕ radsam vergriffen / umgriffen 3.1. Decide on the right meaning of each correct form. 3.1.0. Decide on the correct form of the adjective in English: equanimous - equanimic. geographic - geographical. histrionic - hystrionical. athletic – athletical. pathetic – pathetically. 3.1.1. Adjectives ending in –ic: 1. academic 2. artistic 3. athletic 4. Catholic 5. domestic 6. dramatic 7. emphatic 8. energetic 9. fantastic 10. linguistic 11. majestic 12. neurotic 13. pathetic 14. public15. systematic 16. tragic Note: In older English, some of these words used to end in –ical. Examples are: tragical and majestical. 3.1.2. Adjectives ending in –ical and -cal: 1. biological 2. chemical 3. critical 4. cynical 5. grammatical 6. logical 7. mathematical 8. mechanical 9. medical 10. musical 11. physical 12. radical 13. tactical 14. topical Nota bene: a few adjectives can have both forms with no difference in meaning. Examples are: arithmetic and arithmetical  egoistic a& egoistical  fanatic & fanatical  geometric & geometrical In some cases both forms exist, but there is a difference of meaning.  Classic and classicalClassic refers to a famous example of its type. Classical refers to the culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It is hard to learn classical music.  Comic and comical Comic is the regular adjective used for artistic comedy. I like to watch comic opera. Comical means ‘funny’. There was a comical expression on his face.  Economic and economical Economic refers to the science of economics. Economy means ‘not wasting money’. The country faces many economic problems at the moment. We are looking for an economical little car.  magic and magical magic and magical have similar meanings, but magic is the more common word. e.g.: a magic wand, a magic carpet etc. Magical can mean ‘wonderful’ or ‘exciting’. e.g.: I had a magical experience the other day. 3. 2. Variations in German Key to the exercises:  aktuell ~ actual › FF(falscher Freund, false friend)  also ~ also ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  apart ~ apart ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  arm ~ arm ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  bald ~ bold ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  brav ~ brave teilweise ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend) › (eine gemeinsame semantische Wurzel-a common semantical root)  breit ~ bright ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  clever ~ clever ›teilweise FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  defekt ~ defekt ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  delikat ~ delicate ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  dementiert ~ demented ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  dezent ~ decent ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend) eitel ~ idle › FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  egal ~ equal › teilweise FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  engagiert ~ engaged › FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  eventuell ~ eventually › FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  famos ~ famous › FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  fast ~ fast further distance › FF(falscher Freund, false friend)  fatal ~ fatal teilweise › FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  faul ~ foul ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  graziös ~ gracious teilweise › FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  gültig ~ guilty ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  massiv ~ massive ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  ordinär ~ ordinary ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  plump ~ plump ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  prinzipiell ~ principal ›FF(falscher Freund, false friend)  sensibel ~ sensible ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  seriös ~ serious ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  skrupellos ~ scrupulous ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  streng ~ strong ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  sympathisch ~ sympathetic › FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  toll ~ toll ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  Masche ~ mash ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  vital ~ vital ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  weil ~ while ›FF (falscher Freund, false friend)  wellness ~ wellness › FF (falscher Freund, false friend) V. Index/Glossary of difficult TermsBibliography: 1. ed. Monika, Schoch. Duden Oxford. Kleines Wörterbuch Englisch. Routledge : Brockhaus & Oxford University Press. 2004. 2. ed. Hole, Georgia and Sarah Walker. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 2004.

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